The Necessity Problem
Governmental

The New Divinity

Bellamy, Edwards Jr., Park · 18th–19th c.

Turns justice into moral government

The problem it faces

Grotius's rectoral sketch was suggestive but loosely defined, and Edwardsean Calvinists needed it to fit a theology centered on God's benevolent aim for the whole moral universe.

The move it makes

They redefine divine justice as general rectitude — God's disposition to do what best serves the moral system. The atonement upholds moral government and makes pardon safe, rather than discharging a retributive debt.

The new problem it opens

Recasting justice as benevolent rectitude arguably changes the subject: it strains to hold the biblical language of wrath and desert, and loosens the tie between the atonement and any individual's guilt even further.

Upstream